日本匠人传统的文化基础及历史演进

The Cultural Foundation and Historical Evolution of Japanese Craftsman Tradition

中文关键词: 日本 匠人传统 文化基础 历史演进

英文关键词: Japan  craftsman tradition  cultural foundation  historical evolution

中文摘要:

      日本社会对匠人的培养与塑造有着深厚的历史根基和文化渊源。匠人传统启蒙于奈良时代，初步形成于中世，确立于江户时期，于近代和战后作为一种普遍价值为日本的经济腾飞注入重要力量。日本文化传统中的宗教信仰、民族性格等因素是日本社会匠人传统形成的重要根基。由“神业观念”驱动下对极致、卓越的追求逐渐演变为日本近世町人阶级系统化致富的价值伦理和精神指向，直至逐渐泛化形成“工匠型社会”，匠人传统在此得到较好的继承与弘扬。然而在不同历史条件下，匠人传统也必然以或先进或落后或健康或腐朽的文化形态与经济、政治交流融合，反作用于日本社会。曾经日本制造得以取胜的秘诀在于家文化传承下的师徒制和终身雇佣制，匠人的手艺在官方保护下传承发展。然而在科学技术发生巨大变革的现在，日本曾经的制造业巨头开始在工具理性的支配下急功近利，匠人文化逐渐被隐藏，失落的匠人传统导致其频频出现丑闻或陷入窘境。

英文摘要:

      Japanese society has a deep historical and cultural foundation for the cultivation and shaping of craftsmen. The tradition of craftsmen was inspired during the Nara era，initially formed during the Middle Ages，established during the Edo period，and injected important force into Japan’s economic take-off as a universal value in modern and post-war times. The religious beliefs and national character in the Japanese cultural tradition are the important foundation for the formation of the Japanese craftsman tradition. Driven by the idea of“god’s handicraft，”the pursuit of perfection and excellence gradually evolved into the value ethic and spiritual direction of the modern Japanese merchant systematically to become rich until the“craftsman society”was gradually generalized，and the craftsman tradition was well inherited and promoted here. However，under different historical conditions，craftsman tradition is inevitably integrated with economy and politics in a cultural form that is either advanced or backward，healthy or decadent. It has a counter impact on Japanese society. The secret to the success of Japanese manufacturing in the past was the apprenticeship system and lifelong employment system under the inheritance of family culture，where craftsmanship was inherited and developed under official protection. However，in the current era of significant changes in science and technology，Japan’s former manufacturing giants have begun to seek quick success and instant benefits under the control of instrumental rationality. The culture of craftsmanship has gradually been hidden，and the lost craftsmanship tradition has led to frequent scandals or embarrassing situations.